Sharpy Language Reference¶

See introduction.md for goals, principles, and philosophy.

Note: This reference describes the complete Sharpy language design. Some features are not yet implemented in the compiler — these are marked with implementation status banners in their respective documents.

Lexical Structure¶

See source_files.md for file format, line structure, and continuation rules.

See identifiers.md for identifier syntax, naming conventions, and backtick escaping.

See keywords.md for reserved keywords.

See indentation.md for indentation rules.

See comments.md for comment syntax.

See lexer_implementation.md for lexer implementation details and token types.

Literals¶

See integer_literals.md for integer literals and suffixes.

See float_literals.md for float literals and suffixes.

See extended_numeric_literals.md for binary, hex, octal, and scientific notation.

See string_literals.md for string syntax, escape sequences, and raw strings.

See fstrings.md for formatted string literals (f-strings).

See boolean_literals.md for True and False.

See none_literal.md for None literal and its semantics.

See ellipsis_literal.md for the ... placeholder.

Types¶

See primitive_types.md for built-in primitive types and arrays.

See string_type.md for string type and UTF-16 semantics.

See type_annotations.md for type annotation syntax.

See type_annotation_shorthand.md for shorthand type annotation syntax (T?, T !E).

See type_hierarchy.md for the type hierarchy and object model.

See nullable_types.md for T | None C# nullable types (.NET interop).

See named_tuples.md for named tuple syntax and usage.

Function Types¶

See function_types.md for function type syntax, compatibility, and usage.

See delegates.md for named delegate type declarations with variance support.

Operators¶

See arithmetic_operators.md for arithmetic operators and numeric type promotion.

See comparison_operators.md for comparison operators.

See comparison_chaining.md for chained comparisons.

See logical_operators.md for and, or, not.

See bitwise_operators.md for bitwise operations.

See string_operators.md for string concatenation and repetition.

See membership_operators.md for in and not in.

See identity_operators.md for is and is not.

See assignment_operators.md for assignment operators.

See null_coalescing_operator.md for the ?? operator.

See null_coalescing_assignment.md for the ??= operator.

See null_conditional_access.md for the ?. operator.

See pipe_operator.md for the |> pipe operator.

See operator_precedence.md for operator precedence table.

See type_narrowing.md for type narrowing rules with is not None and isinstance().

Expressions¶

See expressions.md for primary expressions, member access, index access, function calls, conditional expressions, and expression evaluation order.

See type_casting.md for the to operator and type casting.

See lambdas.md for lambda expressions.

See partial_application.md for partial application with _ placeholder.

See expression_blocks.md for do: expression blocks.

Collection Types¶

See collection_types.md for collection types, methods, and .NET interop.

See spread_operator.md for spreading collections and objects.

Statements¶

See statements.md for expression statements, variable declaration and assignment, constants.

See variable_declaration.md for variable declaration syntax and rules.

See del_statement.md for the del statement.

Variable Scoping Rules¶

See variable_scoping.md for: - No global or nonlocal keywords - Block-scoped vs containing-scope constructs - Variable shadowing - Variable declaration and assignment - No declaration without assignment

Pass Statement¶

See pass_statement.md for the pass statement.

Break and Continue¶

See break_continue.md for break and continue statements.

Return Statement¶

See return_statement.md for the return statement.

Assert Statement¶

See assert_statement.md for the assert statement.

Control Flow¶

See if_statement.md for if/elif/else statements.

See while_statement.md for while loops.

See for_statement.md for for loops.

See loop_else.md for else clauses on loops.

Exception Handling¶

See exception_handling.md for exception types, try/except/finally, and raise statements.

Functions¶

See function_definition.md for function definition syntax, rules, and placeholder bodies.

See function_parameters.md for parameter types overview, named arguments, and function overloading.

See method_overloading.md for class method overloading, constructor overloading, and operator overloading.

See function_default_parameters.md for default parameter values and compile-time constant requirements.

See function_variadic_arguments.md for variadic arguments (*args), unpacking, and C# interop.

See flexible_arguments.md for positional-only (/) and keyword-only (*) parameter separators.

See parameter_modifiers.md for ref, out, and in pass-by-reference parameters.

See generators.md for generator functions, yield, yield from, and generator __iter__/__reversed__.

Classes¶

See classes.md for basic class definition, field declarations, instance methods, and rules.

See class_methods.md for class methods and the absence of @classmethod.

See constructors.md for constructor overloading and constructor chaining.

Imports¶

See import_statements.md for import and from-import syntax variations.

See module_resolution.md for how module names are resolved.

See module_system.md for package structure, __init__.spy files, and circular import handling.

Structs¶

See structs.md for struct definition, usage, value semantics, and comparison with classes.

Interfaces¶

See interfaces.md for interface definition, implementation, generic interfaces, interface inheritance, and dunder methods in interfaces.

See interface_default_methods.md for default method implementations, conflict resolution between base classes and interfaces, and guidelines for choosing interfaces vs abstract classes.

Inheritance¶

See inheritance.md for single class inheritance, multiple interface implementation, super() usage, and abstract classes.

Decorators¶

See decorators.md for @static, @virtual, @override, @abstract, @final, and access modifiers (@public, @private, @protected, @internal).

Generics¶

See generics.md for generic classes, generic methods, and type constraints.

See generic_variance.md for covariance (out) and contravariance (in) on type parameters.

Enumerations¶

See enums.md for enum definition, usage, and flags.

Operator Overloading¶

See operator_overloading.md for dunder methods, arithmetic operators, comparison operators, and container operations.

See dunder_methods.md for comprehensive dunder method reference.

See dunder_methods_recommendations.md for dunder method recommendations and best practices.

See dunder_invocation_rules.md for rules on when and how dunder methods can be called, inheritance, and cross-dunder synthesis.

See conversion_operators.md for @implicit and @explicit user-defined type conversions.

Pattern Matching¶

See match_statement.md for match statement syntax and pattern matching.

Type Aliases¶

See type_aliases.md for type alias syntax.

Tagged Unions (Algebraic Data Types)¶

See tagged_unions.md for union type definitions and pattern matching.

See tagged_unions_result.md for the Result type for error handling with typed errors.

See tagged_unions_optional.md for the Optional type for representing optional values.

Try Expressions¶

See try_expressions.md for try expressions and error handling.

Maybe Expressions¶

See maybe_expressions.md for maybe expressions and optional chaining.

Comprehensions¶

See comprehensions.md for list, dict, and set comprehensions.

See tuple_unpacking.md for tuple destructuring, nested unpacking, rest patterns, and comprehension unpacking.

Walrus Operator¶

See walrus_operator.md for assignment expressions using :=.

Properties¶

See properties.md for auto-properties overview and property forms.

See properties_function_style.md for function-style properties with custom logic, validation, and static properties.

See properties_inheritance.md for virtual, abstract, override properties, and interface implementation.

Context Managers¶

See context_managers.md for with statement and context manager protocol.

Events¶

See events.md for event declaration and handling.

Async Programming¶

See async_programming.md for async/await and AsyncIterator.

Built-in Functions¶

See builtin_functions.md for type conversion, type checking, collection operations, I/O, math, and object builtins.

Name Mangling¶

See name_mangling.md for snake_case to PascalCase conversion and special name mappings.

.NET Interop¶

See dotnet_interop.md for importing .NET types, extension methods, and IDisposable.

Static Methods¶

See static_methods.md for static method rules and implicit @static inference.

Naming Conventions Summary¶

See naming_conventions.md for symbol naming conventions.

See conventions.md for broader project conventions.

Program Entry Point¶

See program_entry_point.md for the program entry point.

Deferred Features¶

See deferred_features.md for features requiring newer C#/.NET versions.